Pseudo-Anosov stretch factors and homology of mapping tori

We consider the pseudo-Anosov elements of the mapping class group of a surface of genus g that fix a rank k subgroup of the first homology of the surface. We show that the smallest entropy among these is comparable to (k + 1)/g. This interpolates between results of Penner and of Farb and the second and third authors, who treated the cases of k = 0 and k = 2g, respectively, and answers a question of Ellenberg. We also show that the number of conjugacy classes of pseudo-Anosov mapping classes as above grows (as a function of g) like a polynomial of degree k.